Cuss Time Summary Essay

In Jill McCorkles’s article â€Å"Cuss Time† she explains, â€Å"By limiting or denying freedom of speech and expression, we take away a lot of potential.† With saying this McCorkle backs up her argument with many different personal stories and experiences. The title â€Å"Cuss Time† comes from an experience between McCorkle and her son. When McCorkle saw her son â€Å". . . silently mouthing a lot of new vocabulary while riding in the car or drawing,† she decided to let him have â€Å"Cuss Time† McCorkle explains for 5 minutes a day he was allowed to say any word he wanted, but when Cuss Time ended he wasn’t allowed to cuss till the next twenty four hour period when Cuss Time started again. Part of McCorkles’s reasoning was without cussing (Or other words society has viewed as wrong or bad) it limits our potential in how we express ourselves. Her last point that she addressed was if these words are taken away then more will be taken until it’s a dead language. â€Å"Word by word, our history will be rewritten if we don’t guard and protect it. . .). In this quote she basically says our language will be changed if we don’t stand up and take action on our Freedom of Speech. Throughout her essay McCorkle gives a strong argument to support her thesis and get her opinion across.

Sex Exploitation With Poverty Stricken Young Girls

Introduction Brazil has a long tradition of tolerating slavery that dates back to the 1800s which resulted that Brazil was the last country in the nation to abolish slavery. Brazil has long history with slavery from then until now, which they still battle with today with human trafficking which resulted in sex exploitation and forced labor. But, mainly this paper will focused topic of sex exploitation with poverty stricken young girls being subjected to selling themselves for dollars just to help put food on the table for their families. Even though prostitution is legal within the whole country if they are 18 years and older, but most of these prostitutes are not even the legal age. Sex Trafficking in Brazil has included not only fully grown women but also children as young as 10 years old. Also, Brazil has the worst sex tourism problem worldwide that has been existed for more than 25 years. There have been recent responses towards the United States and Brazilian governments to add ress this issue with full force after recent events. This problem persists only on the obligation that this country believes that other people not living by the norms of society, and visitors entering the country illegally and also being impoverished. Tier 2 Brazil TVPA Brazil Through the United States Department of State diplomatic tool of Trafficking in Persons report which is also known as the TIP report, explains how different countries are making efforts for anti-human traffickingShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Sex Trafficking874 Words   |  4 PagesIn Cambodia, sex trafficking has grown to a troublesome issue. Sex trafficking, also known as sex slavery, has become one of the fastest growing crimes occurring in the United States and internationally. It is the third largest crime-business in the world, after drugs and arms trafficking. 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Financial Statement Analysis Marico Bangladesh Limited...

FINANCIAL ANALYSIS PROJECT Financial statement analysis: Marico Bangladesh Limited and ACI Formulation Limited The objective of this project is to link theory with applications in the real world by requiring students to analyze financial statements of actual companies listed in either the DSE or CSE. This project provides the opportunity to use corporate financial statements of actual companies for the purpose of analyzing the financial condition and trend indicators from the viewpoints of a potential investor, lending institution (bank), and the company’s top management. Developed by Sadek Jake Alam sadekjake@technoflame.com Marico Bangladesh limited (MBL:Dhaka) and ACI Formulation Ltd (ACIF:Dhaka) are both listed under the†¦show more content†¦ACIF Total Current Assets Total Current Liabilities Current Ratio MBL Total Current Assets Total Current Liabilities Current Ratio 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 EXHIBIT 1.0 Profitability Ratios 1. Return on Assets 2. Return on Equity 3. Return on Capital Margin Analysis 1. Gross Margin 2. Levered Free Cash Flow Margin 3. EBITDA Margin Asset Turnover Analysis 1. Total Asset Turnover 2. Accounts Receivable Turnover 3. Fixed Assets Turnover 4. Inventory Turnover Credit Ratios 1. Current Ratio 2. Quick Ratio Long Term Solvency 1. Total Debt/Equity 2. Total Liabilities/Total Assets Growth over Prior Year 1. Total Revenue 2. Tangible Book Value 3. EBITDA 4. Gross Profit 5. Receivables 6. Inventory 7. Capital Expenditures 8. Diluted EPS before extra 9. Cash from Operations 10. Levered Free Cash Flow Financial Statements For ACI Formulation Ltd (ACIF) Income Statements Dec 31 2008 As of: BDT Dec 31 2009 Restated BDT Dec 31 2010 BDT Currency in Millions of Bangladesh Taka Revenues Total Revenues Cost Of Goods Sold Gross Profit Selling General Admin Expenses, Total RD Expenses Depreciation Amortization, Total Other Operating Expenses Other Operating Expenses, Total Operating Income Interest Expense Interest And Investment Income Net Interest Expense Other Non-Operating Income (Expenses) Ebt, Excluding Unusual Items Other Unusual Items, Total Ebt, Including Unusual Items Income Tax Expense Earnings From Continuing Operations Net Income Net

The Electronic Commerce And The Internet - 818 Words

The introduction chapter will be explaining the purpose of research. The research background, questions and limitation will be presented. 1.1 Background Nowadays, millions of people joined Internet in daily life. According to Internet World Stats’ statistics (2012) today more than two billion people linked to the Internet. The Internet mass use promotes the electronic commerce rapid expansion in the 20th century. The electronic commerce has been changed of the traditional way people shop. According to Turban et al (2000) defined the e-commerce is an emerging concept the process of buying, selling, exchanging product, service and information through Internet. The Internet has created a new market for both customers and business firms, the†¦show more content†¦Young people and women are the primary target of Internet retailers. In particular, university students are higher percent of online shoppers. University students spends $200 billion online market each year, and average students available discretionary spending total $287 monthly (Gardyn, 2002). University students are the main target groups of online shopping due to they are frequently use computer in order to they have rich online experience and enjoy online activities. According to Xia and Munroe (2004), students incomes are most from their parents without a lot of expendable income and thus the price is easily stimulate students. The consumers are prefers to purchase online due to discount sales. When they shop online they can find more cheaper products or service than in traditional retailer. Such as, the SECRETSALES.com is the most famous discount sales website. Another popular fashionable retailers ASOS.com is much cheaper than high street stores. Consequently, this is another reason for growth of consumers shopping over Internet. The consumer chose purchase online due to conveniently provides consumer more information and choices to compare product and price. Joines et al (2003) claims that the certain characteristics of online shopping are ability to making purchase for consumers conveniently and efficiency compared to the tradit ional way of shopping, such as the ability to view and purchase

The Training Process of an Organisation.

Question: Discuss about the Training Process of an Organisation. Answer: Introduction: History: The Thilafushi Corporation Limited was founded in 2009 by the government of Maldives to promote industrialization in the country. It was built on reclaimed land filled by waste and is the pioneer in its area. Industry Details: The organization is run by the central government and can approach the governments of the neighbouring countries like India, China, Ausralia and Japan for industrial and diplomatic help to develop the economy of Maldives. It will also help RCL to realize its goals in a larger way. Vision: The main mission of TCL is to accelerate the industrial development in Maldives by providing a profitable platform to both foreign and domestic companies participating in large and medium scale industries. TCL envisions creating an industrial environment, which, will be receptive to the industrial requirements and benefit the consumers. Products/Services: TCL is a government enterprise whose main aim is to promote medium and large-scale industries in Maldives both from within and outside the country. The industrial zone is already harbouring key production, warehousing and service providers and looks forward to promote potential further industrial development in Maldives. Number of Employees/Scale of Business/Revenue The board of directors is led by Mohamed Rasheed, chairman while Ahmed Nasif is the managing director. Aminath Hameed, Adil Jaleel and Ahmed Nasheed are the three directors and Fathmath Amna Ibrahim is the company secretary ("Overview Thilafushi Corporation", 2017). TCL earned a profit of 24260466 Maldivian Rufiya in 2015 against a loss of 26930444 in 2014, which is promising. The organization employs over a hundred employees in various posts. It will need to employ more employees to run its ever-growing organizational structure, which is going to see more expansion with globalization. TCL as a government organization should take help from similar organizations in the neighbouring countries. The organization can also approach Indian banks like the State Bank of India financial help to provide better training (Edirisuriya Gunasekarage, 2016). Figure 1. Statement showing profit of TCL (Source:"Auditor General's Office - Official Website", 2017) Existing Training Process: The employees of all departments of TCL are made to take a training program after the requests of the departmental heads to the HR department. The Maldives government created Thalafushi Corporation limited to bring about industrial development in the islands of Maldives. The following are the steps of the training employees undergo at TCL: Assessing the Training Needs: The first step to start an effective training program is to assess the needs of the trainees for example, the need to train in order to make the employees nurture a positive attitude towards their job roles and targets. Since, TCL is determined to bring about industrial development in the country; the employees should develop a multicultural attitude to adapt to the transnational work culture of the multinational corporations (Moore, 2016). Maldives does not follow IFRS, which repels global companies (Bank, 2017). Incorporation of IFRS in the Maldivian accounting standard should be one of the most high priority training needs. The marketing personnel should receive training in the most advanced methods, which are accepted and applied globally. Training needs should depend on the designation of trainees and their professional requirements. Figure 2. A comparison of accounting standards in Maldives against international standards (Source: Bank, 2017) Set Organizational Training Objectives: The training requirements of the employees will be assessed after considering their performance and their record of accomplishment in TCL and with previous employers, if possible. The gap between the expected level of performance and the achieved rate of performance will be compared and this will act as a guidance to decide on the training programme to be used. TCL aims to attract investment in form of joint venture and contractor financing both from the foreign and domestic investment companies ("Investors Opportunity Thilafushi Corporation", 2017). This will bring the TCL in contact with the international laws and trade policies in various countries. Figure 3. Graph showing export and import in Maldives (www.wto.org, 2017) The figure above shows the falling exports and the rising imports in Maldives which points out towards low productivity human resources and various other factors. Creating Action Plan: The next step involves creating an action plan keeping the aim of training and the skills the trainees should have at the end of the training. This includes study of the theories, handouts showing the job details, study materials and so on. The theories can be various leadership theories for the people for the posts of managers and above (Luna, D. (2015). The trainees who are entrusted with the role of marketing the organization on various national and international platforms should be trained on the selling and marketing theories, target handling techniques and stress management. The employees who will deal with the areas of accounting, laws, procurement of resources, supply chain management and related fields should be trained on the laws pertaining to these fields that are prevalent in the partner countries (Wild, Wild Han, 2014). The training program of TCL must project towards bridging the gap between the international business practices followed in the global companies and the conservative Maldivian business culture. The action plan should ensure that the Maldivian workforce accepts international standards rather than viewing them as challenges to their customs and traditions. Implementation of Training Initiatives: This is the step where the training programme is actually started and the HR department has to decide whether the training will be theoretical or in the field. The entire training schedule should be segmented into appropriate segments based on availability of resources to the trainees like machines and tools available during practical training. The trainees should be continuously assessed to measure the effectiveness of the training programme. The successful implementation of the training initiatives in the real life job place depends on government policies and laws. TCL should create the best competitive environment, which will allow the employees to apply their newly applied skills and bring about their own development (Lisbon et al., 2016). Evaluate and Revise Training: Training is provided to employees to enhance their skills, which will better their performance. The trainer should assess the trainees to measure their ability to take trainings and improve their efficiency. Trainers should make the employees more target oriented and productivity concerned (Lasrado, Gomiseck Uzbeck, 2017). Evaluation of Training Process: Companies need to evaluate the training programmes and examine the outcomes of them. They are able to assess the improvement in the skills of the trainees and estimately the probable and expected increase in their productivity (Konings Vanormelingen, 2015). Donald Kirkpatrick developed the four level model for evaluation of training methods. The four levels of evaluating training programmes are reaction of the students, the learning of the trainees, behaviour of the trainees after the programme and the results of the programme (Pierre, 2014). They help the both thebtrainer and the trained to measure the outcome of the training and need of any further training. Reaction: Every training programme is aimed at enhancement of the skills of the trainee employees in order to better their productivity. The trainer should ask questions to trainees regarding the training programme, whether they feel that they have profited by the programme and to what extent were they able to participate in the training session. The reactions of the trainees act as the parameter to measure the success of the training sessions. The trainees can also give idea about the requirements of the future training needs and the potential benefits they would derive from the training programmes. It has been founded that this level of evaluation actually records more than seventy percent of the training programme (Schminke et al., 2014). Challenges will allow the trainees to apply their newly earn skills and make them feel the need for further trainings. It will lead to innovations, new products and more employment (Narula, 2014). Learning: The companies hold training sessions to enhance the performance of the employees to increase the productivity of the companies as a whole (Konings Vanormelingen, 2015). Trainings are important because they instil new capabilities in the employees, which allow them to perform even in the face of stiff competitions. The learning of the trainees tells the success of the training sessions and the trainer. The trainer can test the increase in the productivity of the trainees by assigning realistic assignments to them and check their performance in terms of marks or grades. The HR department can use these marks or grades from several training sessions and the superiors while appraisal of these employees. The outcomes of the training programmes by this level can also be used to determine future training sessions. Behaviour: This level tests the behavioural changes in the employees after the training and the enhancement of the level of their productivity. This level measures how the employees perform by applying the newly acquired skills. It can be pointed out that employees change their behaviour only when the conditions are more favourable to apply the newly gained knowledge. The learning and reaction of the trainees are positive only when they are able to apply their new skills and advanced knowledge when the environment allows the same. For example, when the sales staffs are subjected to the marketing conditions, which challenge their marketing skills, they apply their newly learnt marketing knowledge. However, extreme pressure and target hinders application of new skills and the employees keep away from applying them, as they are not sure about the outcomes of the application. The trainer might think that the trainees have not learnt anything but that is not the fact. Result: Companies conduct training sessions to enhance the productivity of their employees so that the company is able to deliver more and earn more revenue. The results of the training sessions are measured on the grounds of the quantitative increase in the employee productivity. TCL uses flexible training method to train its employees for the various posts. The methods are designed to make the employee capable of taking responsibilities along with an optimistic attitude towards the economically developing nation of Maldives. The employees belonging to the managerial levels are expected to show increase in managerial skills and improved objection handling. Training teaches employees to face and adapt to their ever-changing microeconomic and macroeconomic changes. The managers should be able to frame strategies in various fields like production, pricing, investments and staffing keeping the market situations in view and be mentally ready to change or modify the existing strategies to take advantage of the future conditions. Recommendations/Suggestions: The biggest challenge of TCL is to develop Maldives as a favoured destination by competing with the other Asian nations like India, China, Sri Lanka and Malaysia who have more business friendly environment and already have companies like PG, Microsoft, ThyssenKrupp and Coca Cola in their markets. These countries themselves are home to several multinational companies, which advertise the profitable and competitive vast market. The recommendations in the next section will further help the TCL in its vision and mission. TCL aims to industrialize Maldives, which requires it to bring about certain positive changes to attract big global companies. The following are the recommendations which can be incorporated in the training sessions to make them more fruitful and aligned towards long term goals of the company: Understand the international laws and incorporate them in the legal framework of the country as a whole. This will allow the multinational companies to operate with greater ease. Train the top managers to frame policies, which will allow the probable multinational companies to view Maldives as profitable and conductive a market for entering as India or China. TCL should follow the suit of the more powerful and developed Asian nations to attract foreign capital. The central government owns TCL and it can use this status to achieve diplomatic relations with the neighbouring countries. It can enter into more trade agreements with these countries to gain access to their resources. This can allow it to strengthen its position as it is poor as far as natural resources like iron and coal are concerned. Train its employees to incorporate International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), which will allow them to transact with the big and powerful economies as they follow IFRS while accounting. The training should aim to empower the employee to deal with the international and national environmental conditions, not demotivate them. Trainers should encourage the trainees to embrace changes rather than eyeing them as obstacles. A more proactive industrial policy and globalization can enforce better competitive market. A more competitive market provides more employment opportunities and provides higher mobility of the human resources (Sahu et al., 2014). This allows the labour force to get international exposure allowing them to explore the infinite opportunities in the international market. This automatically brings out a more positive behaviour from them in areas of job productivity, corporate conduct and so on (Cahuc et al., 2014). The training objective of TCL should be towards training the employees to increase productivity. Lack of foreign competition in the economy in strategic sectors and the influence of Muslim laws on the industrial laws can also held responsible for the deficit in balance of payments. Increasing employee productivity should be made one of the most important training objectives. TCL should also train the employees to nurture the supply chain management in their country to enable smooth flow of resources, goods and services which is indispensible for globalization of Maldives (Forsgren Johanson, 2014) Commonwealth is a group of fifty-two nations of which Maldives was a part in the past. However, it left the group and should join it back. It will allow the government of the country to approach the other members and also strengthen bilateral ties with them. The global companies follow the International Financial Reporting Standard, which is followed by most of the big and emerging economies like the United Kingdom, Australia, India and China. The apex bodies in these countries like their central banks and security market regulatory bodies require them to comply to the IFRS while reporting and auditing. Maldives should also follow IFRS and try to decrease effect of Muslim laws in the accounting and trade policies. Summary with Conclusion: The above clearly show that TCL is designed to facilitate industrialization in Maldives by encouraging domestic industries and attract foreign companies. The organization provides its employees with training every year to sharpen their skills and increase their productivity. The training methods and the Kirkpatricks model deal with the training steps and their evaluation methods respectively. The recommendations are based on the study and aim towards a more industrialized and advanced Maldivian economy. It can be pointed out that no training programme can be successful without industrial and legal structure, which encourages globalization and entry of global companies. The Maldivian government should enact laws which will facilitate participation of global companies. Global companies will generate more employment and give more avenues to TCL to expand is operations. TCL can also train its employees better to confirm to the international standards. The main vision of TCL is to industrialize Maldives and attract foreign investment. The employees of TCL should be able to deal with the legal frameworks of the other foreign countries and provide a strong support to the multinational companies to enter the Maldivian economy. Globalization provides with more avenues for the application of newly learned skills. The employees can learn new things and gain international exposure. The Maldives industrial laws need to be amended to match up to the international standards. References: (2017). Retrieved 14 February 2017, from https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/g332_e.pdf The Role of Human Resources in the Age of Globalization.Global Journal of Finance and Management,6(9), 977-982. Auditor General's Office - Official Website. (2017). Audit.gov.mv. Retrieved 14 February 2017, from https://www.audit.gov.mv Bank, T. (2017). Maldives - Public sector accounting and auditing : a comparison to international standards. Documents.worldbank.org. Retrieved 14 February 2017, from https://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/250891468282288114/Maldives-Public-sector-accounting-and-auditing-a-comparison-to-international-standards Cahuc, P., Carcillo, S., Zylberberg, A., McCuaig, W. (2014).Labor economics. MIT press. Edirisuriya, P., Gunasekarage, A. (2016). Economic and Financial Integration in South Asia. InFinancial Market Regulations and Legal Challenges in South Asia(pp. 298-315). IGI Global. Forsgren, M., Johanson, J. (2014).Managing networks in international business. Routledge. Investors Opportunity Thilafushi Corporation. (2017). Tcl.com.mv. Retrieved 14 February 2017, from https://www.tcl.com.mv/v2/investors-opportunity/ Konings, J., Vanormelingen, S. (2015). The impact of training on productivity and wages: firm-level evidence.Review of Economics and Statistics,97(2), 485-497. Konings, J., Vanormelingen, S. (2015). The impact of training on productivity and wages: firm-level evidence.Review of Economics and Statistics,97(2), 485-497. Lasrado, F., Gomiseck, B., Uzbeck, C. (2017). Effectiveness of Employee Suggestion Schemesfrom Critical Success Factors to Outcomes.International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences,9(1). Lisbon, D., Allin, D., Cleek, C., Roop, L., Brimacombe, M., Downes, C., Pingleton, S. K. (2016). Improved knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors after implementation of TeamSTEPPS training in an academic emergency department: a pilot report.American Journal of Medical Quality,31(1), 86-90. Luna, D. (2015).The Relationship between Leadership Behavior and Leadership Styles in Health and Human Services Emergency Management(Doctoral dissertation, OUR LADY OF THE LAKE UNIVERSITY). Moore, F. (2016).Transnational business cultures: Life and work in a multinational corporation. Routledge. Narula, R. (2014).Globalization and technology: Interdependence, innovation systems and industrial policy. John Wiley Sons. Overview Thilafushi Corporation. (2017). Tcl.com.mv. Retrieved 14 February 2017, from https://www.tcl.com.mv/v2/overview/ Pierre, K. D. (2014). Evaluating the Implementation of a Training Program for Improving Quality Service: An Action Research Study.ProQuest LLC. Sambajee, P., Dhomun, M. Z. A. (2015). Government and SMEs in the Maldives and Mauritius.International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior Research,21(6), 778-795. Schminke, M., Caldwell, J., Ambrose, M. L., McMahon, S. R. (2014). Better than ever? Employee reactions to ethical failures in organizations, and the ethical recovery paradox.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,123(2), 206-219. Wild, J., Wild, K. L., Han, J. C. (2014).International business. Pearson Education Limited.

News Coverage Of Political Campaigns And Its Negative Affects Essays

News Coverage Of Political Campaigns And It's Negative Affects News Coverage of Political Campaigns And it's Negative Affects Have you ever turned on the TV to watch the news during election year? News programs constantly bombard the public with campaign coverage that negatively affects the way people vote. The most noticeable effect the TV news media causes is a decrease in voter attendance at the ballot boxes. News coverage of political campaigns reduces voter turnout because of the negative campaign tactics used by candidates and their parties; exit polls that predict the outcome of an election; and the public's perception that the media can be bought to influence people to vote for a certain issue or candidate. Voter turnout has significantly dropped from 75 %-85% in during the 19th century to fewer than 55% in modern day elections as written by Pierce Lewis of American Demographics (Page 20). The result of low voter turnout reveals a broad dissatisfaction and unconcerning attitude towards politics from America's citizens. The main cause for this public attitude in current voting is the news media. What better place is there to display all the events of pre-election activities? The first and most effective discouragement to voting is exit polls that predict the outcome of an election or in modern terms electronic forecasting. Exit polling on or before Election Day has become the predominant method used by mass media in American politics for predicting outcomes of elections according to George Bishop and Bonnie Fisher of Public Opinion Quarterly (Page 568). In most recent elections exit polling has grown into an even more complex mass survey medium with institutions such as Voter Research and Surveys (VRS) of New York who provide polling results for massive television networks like ABC, CBS, and CNN. In addition to TV networks, many television affiliates, newspapers, and newsmagazines also use this polled data to inform the public. Since exit polls predict the winners of elections, vast numbers of citizens don't even bother to vote because they already know who's going to win and that their vote wouldn't make a difference (Pages 568-589). Another reason that causes low voter turnout is news media coverage that broadcast negative campaign tactics politicians and their parties use to attack to opposing candidate or party. According to Laurence I. Barrett of Time magazine, presidential candidates are sliding on their word of not using negative campaign tactics; in fact, negative advertising is becoming trendier among those running for election (Page 28). Negative campaigning in the news media is perceived by most as boxing ring where candidates can put on gloves and knock each others ideas or beliefs down. The most affecting aspect of negative campaign to the public is that candidates and parties only point out the opposing side's flaws to uplift themselves and avoiding the issue at hand which often occurs in debates. Since negative campaigning causes a great deal of arguing between candidate and/or parties, a great percentage of the public tends to separate themselves from the political process (voting) because of the e xcessive attacks candidates inflict on one another. The public expects a degree of professionalism from running candidates that shouldn't include negative tactics that only discourage the public's outlook on voting participation. Lastly, public perception of a bias and favorable media also contributes to a reduction in the voting population. As early as the 1960's, public perception of a bias media was first noticed; however, current data suggest the American public views the media as increasingly less trustworthy? as stated by Donna Rouner, a journalist for Newspaper Research Journal (Page 41). Partisanship of news factions also discourages people from participating in the political process because news groups may be supportive of one party and their beliefs giving only one side of an issue. More of the American population may be better influenced to vote if news groups would take a neutral position supporting only the facts and produce a non-bias broadcast. In addition to partisanship, the idea of media being bought by candidates or parties to influence the public can also diminish voter turnout. For example, a wealthy candidate can purchase large amounts of airtime trying to earn more of the public's votes or simply a news affiliate that favors a

Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases

Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases The kinetic theory of gases is a scientific model that explains the physical behavior of a gas as the motion of the molecular particles that compose the gas. In this model, the submicroscopic particles (atoms or molecules) that make up the gas are continually moving around in random motion, constantly colliding not only with each other but also with the sides of any container that the gas is within. It is this motion that results in physical properties of the gas such as heat and pressure. The kinetic theory of gases is also called just the kinetic theory, or the kinetic model,  or the kinetic-molecular model. It can also in many ways be applied to fluids as well as gas. (The example of Brownian motion, discussed below, applies the kinetic theory to fluids.) History of the Kinetic Theory The Greek philosopher Lucretius was a proponent of an early form of atomism, though this was largely discarded for several centuries in favor of a physical model of gases built upon the non-atomic work of Aristotle. Without a theory of matter as tiny particles, the kinetic theory did not get developed within this Aristotlean framework. The work of Daniel Bernoulli presented the kinetic theory to a European audience, with his 1738 publication of Hydrodynamica. At the time, even principles like the conservation of energy had not been established, and so a lot of his approaches were not widely adopted. Over the next century, the kinetic theory became more widely adopted among scientists, as part of a growing trend toward scientists adopting the modern view of matter as composed of atoms. One of the lynchpins in experimentally confirming the kinetic theory, and atomism is general, was related to Brownian motion. This is the motion of a tiny particle suspended in a liquid, which under a microscope appears to randomly jerk about. In an acclaimed 1905 paper, Albert Einstein explained Brownian motion in terms of random collisions with the particles that composed the liquid. This paper was the result of Einsteins doctoral thesis work, where he created a diffusion formula by applying statistical methods to the problem. A similar result was independently performed by the Polish physicist Marian Smoluchowski, who published his work in 1906. Together, these applications of kinetic theory went a long way to support the idea that liquids and gases (and, likely, also solids) are composed of tiny particles. Assumptions of the Kinetic Molecular Theory The kinetic theory involves a number of assumptions that focus on being able to talk about an ideal gas. Molecules are treated as point particles. Specifically, one implication of this is that their size is extremely small in comparison to the average distance between particles.The number of molecules (N) is very large, to the extent that tracking individual particle behaviors is not possible. Instead, statistical methods are applied to analyze the behavior of the system as a whole.Each molecule is treated as identical to any other molecule. They are interchangeable in terms of their various properties. This again helps support the idea that individual particles dont need to be kept track of, and that the statistical methods of the theory are sufficient to arrive at conclusions and predictions.Molecules are in constant, random motion. They obey Newtons laws of motion.Collisions between the particles, and between the particles and walls of a container for the gas, are perfectly elastic collisions.Walls of containers of gases are treated as perfectly rigid, do not move, and are infinitely massive (in comparison to the particles). The result of these assumptions is that you have a gas within a container that moves around randomly within the container. When particles of the gas collide with the side of the container, they bounce off the side of the container in a perfectly elastic collision, which means that if they strike at a 30-degree angle, theyll bounce off at a 30-degree angle. The component of their velocity perpendicular to the side of the container changes direction but retains the same magnitude. The Ideal Gas Law The kinetic theory of gases is significant, in that the set of assumptions above lead us to derive the ideal gas law, or ideal gas equation, that relates the pressure (p), volume (V), and temperature (T), in terms of the Boltzmann constant (k) and the number of molecules (N). The resulting ideal gas equation is: pV NkT